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=20
=E2=80=9C[it] is highly unlikely [that Canadian uranium was used in the =
atomic bombs dropped on Japan] as the Great Bear Lake uranium available =
to the Manhattan Project was most probably consumed entirely by the R&D =
program and, therefore, none was available for the weapon production =
program. =20
=20
However, it must be stated that the fissile material in the Nagasaki =
weapon was almost certainly derived from oxide processed by Eldorado [of =
Port Hope, Ontario] which would have been mostly of Belgian Congo =
origin. The same is probably true for the Hiroshima weapon. It is also =
possible that there was some uranium of U.S. origin in both of these =
weapons.=E2=80=9D
=20
It=E2=80=99s really a moot point whether American, Congolese or Canadian =
uranium was the source of the fissile material that was actually used in =
the A bombs used on Japan. All three countries provided uranium for the =
Manhattan Project, and supplies from one particular shipment would only =
by happenstance end up in one portion of the project or another. =
Certainly it makes for a dramatic literary device if you can follow a =
specific shipment from Great Bear Lake (or the Belgian Congo) to the =
core of Little Boy or Fat Man.
=20
cheers
=20
Morgan Brown, P.Eng., FCNS
From: cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA =
[mailto:cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA] On Behalf Of Ryan Van =
Huijstee, Mr.
Sent: November 19, 2010 2:44 PM
To: cdn-nucl-l@mailman.McMaster.CA
Subject: [cdn-nucl-l] new book, The Highway of the Atom
=20
A new book on the legacy of Canada=E2=80=99s involvement in the making =
of the atomic bomb has just been released. Here=E2=80=99s what the =
publisher=E2=80=99s website (McGill-Queen=E2=80=99s UP) says about it:=20
=20
The Highway of the Atom
By Peter C. van Wyck
Cloth, ISBN 9780773537835
CA $34.95 | US $34.95 =20
=20
A subarctic mine on the far eastern shores of Great Bear Lake provided =
Canadian uranium for the bombs detonated over Japan in August 1945. =
However, a complete history of Canada=E2=80=99s involvement in the =
Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic bomb has been =
thwarted by restrictions on classified documents.=20
=20
The Highway of the Atom overcomes these restrictions in an innovative =
and unconventional history that assembles a narrative from fragments - =
interviews, indigenous stories, archives, and physical remains - while =
questioning whether it is possible to grasp the past by sifting through =
what remains. Uncovering the story of the radioactive ore=E2=80=99s =
route from mine to weapon of mass destruction, Peter van Wyck considers =
the legacy of this history for the Dene community and inquires into =
trauma, landscape, disaster, and memory.
=20
From the fur trade routes of the far North, to the deserts of New Mexico =
and wartime Japan, The Highway of the Atom weaves together crucial =
missing pieces about the beginning of the Atomic Age in startling and =
unexpected ways.=20
=20
=E2=80=9CThe Highway of the Atom is a tour de force and belongs on the =
same shelf with Kenzaburo Oe=E2=80=99s Hiroshima Notes, John =
Hersey=E2=80=99s Hiroshima, and Richard Rhodes=E2=80=99 The Making of =
the Atomic Bomb. The author has read everything there is to read, spent =
countless hours in archives, and visited many of the places and people =
referred to in the book, though he never lets his research dominate the =
story. The book contains so many telling phrases and telling insights =
that the reader will want to concentrate not only on what van Wyck is =
saying but also on how well he is saying it.=E2=80=9D -John =
O=E2=80=99Brian, Department of Art History, Visual Art, and Theory, =
University of British Columbia
=20
Peter C. van Wyck is an associate professor in the Department of =
Communications Studies at Concordia University.
=20
=20
=20
=20
=09
=20
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vlink=3Dpurple><div class=3DWordSection1><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'>Good points Morgan =
!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'>You may recall the =
letter below was published by the Montreal Gazette way back in 1998 =
(slightly edited).<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'>But I =
wonder....=C2=A0 the Manhattan Project=E2=80=99s diffusion plant for =
uranium enrichment required an awful lot of nickel-based alloys to =
protect against severe fluorine gas corrosion:=C2=A0 did all of that =
nickel come from US sources, or was some of it of Canadian origin ? =
....and if the latter, why don=E2=80=99t we hear about it, as we do =
about uranium ? ....isn=E2=80=99t that kind of odd =
?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'>Ciao,<o:p></o:p></s=
pan></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:24.0pt;font-family:"Brush Script MT";color:blue'> =
Jaro<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'>^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^=
^^^^^^<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Gordon Edwards' "Canada and the bomb" article in the =
August 8 issue of the <i>Gazette</i> says that we "played [a] big =
role in [the] development of A-bombs dropped on =
Japan."<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>This is a misleading account of history. =
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>While Canada did contribute 700 tons of uranium, the U.S. =
already had 1,200 tons from Belgian Congo in 1942 and a further 3,700 =
tons were delivered by the end of 1944, one year before the Hiroshima =
blast. The U.S. also produced 800 tons from its own sources by 1944, and =
in April of 1945 the U.S. got another 1,100 tons of Congo ore from a =
Strassfurt factory in defeated Germany, for a total of some 7,500 tons. =
That makes the Canadian contribution some nine percent. It would not =
have made a difference if Canada had not delivered its =
share.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>In fact, what the U.S. was trying to do was to corner the world =
market in high-grade uranium and thorium ores and thus make it difficult =
for other countries, especially Stalin's Soviet Union, to build atomic =
bombs. In November 1944 Manhattan project commander General Leslie =
Groves reported to Secretary of War Henry Stimson that the U.S. and =
Britain would control more than 90 percent of the world supply of =
high-grade uranium ore. Canada's British spy for the Soviets, Alan Nunn =
May reported to the NKGB in February 1945 about American efforts to gain =
control over mining of uranium ores in the Belgian =
Congo.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Edwards' exaggeration of the importance of Canada's heavy water =
reactor's contribution to the war effort and to bomb making in general =
must also be corrected. It is untrue that reactors moderated with heavy =
water produce more plutonium. Soviet dictator Josef Stalin's chief bomb =
maker, Igor Kurchatov, said in 1943 that a heavy water reactor would be =
more difficult to build than a graphite one, because it would require =
the production of heavy water on a scale of tons. But, he said, it would =
resolve the serious problem of the Soviet project's lack of uranium. =
Fifty-five years ago Kurchatov knew that in contrast to the big graphite =
reactors, the heavy water version "would demand not 50, but 1 - 2 =
tons of uranium, the amount we have on hand in 1943, while it remains =
unclear when our country will accumulate a stock of uranium of as much =
as 50 tons." Despite these early doubts, the Soviets did in fact =
build their first nuclear reactor in Moscow in early 1946 out of =
graphite and uranium, copying a U.S. design from 1944. The 50 tons of =
uranium came from a 130 ton German stash captured west of Berlin. The =
reason for going the graphite route is that while its much larger than a =
heavy water reactor, it can also produce correspondingly larger amounts =
of plutonium, contrary to Edwards' misleading =
claims.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Similarly, Britain's post-war plutonium production reactors at =
Windscale were all graphite type, as were those of France at Marcoule - =
even though the latter's first test reactor Zoe, in a suburb of Paris, =
was a heavy water type.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Although Canada's sales of plutonium from Chalk River Nuclear =
Laboratories to the U.S. after the war did pay for our nuclear research, =
the quantity involved was the proverbial "drop in the bucket" =
compared to the production at Hanford and Oak Ridge. =
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Edwards says that "our common future is threatened by the =
existence of weapons of mass destruction and the growing stockpiles of =
plutonium," yet he opposes the destruction of plutonium from =
thousands of recently decommissioned U.S. and Russian nuclear weapons by =
burning it inside commercial nuclear reactors, a real =
"swords-to-plowshares" solution advocated by the U.S. National =
Academy of Sciences. He is particularly opposed to burning this surplus =
plutonium in Canada's CANDU reactors and to the disposal of the =
resulting waste deep underground in a remote area. He prefers the =
plutonium be buried in its weapons-usable form, so that it may be =
retrieved for reuse in bombs at any time. This is not hypocrisy mind =
you, this is deliberate deception aimed at destroying an important =
Canadian high-tech industry. Evidently the Gazette is prepared to =
support Edwards' maniacal activism every second week of =
August.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Jaro Franta, eng.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";letter-spacing=
:-.1pt'>Montreal, Quebec<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue'><o:p> </o:p></=
span></p><div><div style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF =
1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span =
lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span>=
</b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> =
cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA =
[mailto:cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA] <b>On Behalf Of =
</b>Brown, Morgan<br><b>Sent:</b> November-19-10 3:38 PM<br><b>To:</b> =
cdn-nucl-l@mailman.McMaster.CA<br><b>Subject:</b> RE: [cdn-nucl-l] new =
book, The Highway of the Atom<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span =
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:#1F497D'>UNRESTRICTED | =
ILLIMIT=C3=89<o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span =
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:#1F497D'>From an =
analysis performed by Jim Arsenault, in the Sep 2008 issue of the =
Bulletin of the Canadian Nuclear Society, he concludes =
that<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'>=E2=80=9C[it] is highly unlikely [that Canadian =
uranium was used in the atomic bombs dropped on Japan] as the Great Bear =
Lake uranium available to the Manhattan Project was most probably =
consumed entirely by the R&D program and, therefore, none was =
available for the weapon production program. =
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:#1F497D'>However, it =
must be stated that the fissile material in the Nagasaki weapon was =
almost certainly derived from oxide processed by Eldorado [of Port Hope, =
Ontario] which would have been mostly of Belgian Congo origin. The =
same is probably true for the Hiroshima weapon. It is also =
possible that there was some uranium of U.S. origin in both of these =
weapons.=E2=80=9D<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'>It=E2=80=99s really a moot point whether =
American, Congolese or Canadian uranium was the source of the fissile =
material that was actually used in the A bombs used on Japan. All =
three countries provided uranium for the Manhattan Project, and supplies =
from one particular shipment would only by happenstance end up in one =
portion of the project or another. Certainly it makes for a =
dramatic literary device if you can follow a specific shipment from =
Great Bear Lake (or the Belgian Congo) to the core of Little Boy or Fat =
Man.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'>cheers<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p =
class=3DMsoNormal><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto'><span =
lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'=
>Morgan Brown, P.Eng., FCNS</span><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman","serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><div =
style=3D'border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm =
0cm 0cm'><p class=3DMsoNormal><b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span>=
</b><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> =
cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA =
[mailto:cdn-nucl-l-admin@mailman1.cis.McMaster.CA] <b>On Behalf Of =
</b>Ryan Van Huijstee, Mr.<br><b>Sent:</b> November 19, 2010 2:44 =
PM<br><b>To:</b> cdn-nucl-l@mailman.McMaster.CA<br><b>Subject:</b> =
[cdn-nucl-l] new book, The Highway of the =
Atom<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
lang=3DEN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>A new book on the legacy of Canada=E2=80=99s =
involvement in the making of the atomic bomb has just been released. =
Here=E2=80=99s what the publisher=E2=80=99s website =
(McGill-Queen=E2=80=99s UP) says about it: <o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>The Highway of the =
Atom<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>By Peter C. van Wyck<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:1.4pt'>Cloth, ISBN =
9780773537835<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span =
lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:1.4pt'>CA $34.95 | US $34.95 =
</span><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>A =
subarctic mine on the far eastern shores of Great Bear Lake provided =
Canadian uranium for the bombs detonated over Japan in August 1945. =
However, a complete history of Canada=E2=80=99s involvement in the =
Manhattan Project and the development of the atomic bomb has been =
thwarted by restrictions on classified documents. =
<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p>&n=
bsp;</o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><i><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>The =
Highway of the Atom</span></i><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'> =
overcomes these restrictions in an innovative and unconventional history =
that assembles a narrative from fragments - interviews, indigenous =
stories, archives, and physical remains - while questioning whether it =
is possible to grasp the past by sifting through what remains. =
Uncovering the story of the radioactive ore=E2=80=99s route from mine to =
weapon of mass destruction, Peter van Wyck considers the legacy of this =
history for the Dene community and inquires into trauma, landscape, =
disaster, and memory.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p =
class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p>&n=
bsp;</o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>From =
the fur trade routes of the far North, to the deserts of New Mexico and =
wartime Japan, <i>The Highway of the Atom</i> weaves together crucial =
missing pieces about the beginning of the Atomic Age in startling and =
unexpected ways. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span =
lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p>&n=
bsp;</o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><i><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>=E2=80=9C</span></i><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>The Highway of the Atom<i> is a tour de force =
and belongs on the same shelf with Kenzaburo Oe=E2=80=99s </i>Hiroshima =
Notes<i>, John Hersey=E2=80=99s </i>Hiroshima<i>, and Richard =
Rhodes=E2=80=99 </i>The Making of the Atomic Bomb<i>. The author has =
read everything there is to read, spent countless hours in archives, and =
visited many of the places and people referred to in the book, though he =
never lets his research dominate the story. The book contains so many =
telling phrases and telling insights that the reader will want to =
concentrate not only on what van Wyck is saying but also on how well he =
is saying it.=E2=80=9D </i>-John O=E2=80=99Brian, Department of Art =
History, Visual Art, and Theory, University of British =
Columbia</span><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p></=
o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p>&n=
bsp;</o:p></span></p><p class=3DNoParagraphStyle =
style=3D'text-align:justify'><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;line-height:120%;font-family:"Calibri","sans-se=
rif";letter-spacing:.05pt'>Peter C. van Wyck is an associate professor =
in the Department of Communications Studies at Concordia =
University.</span><span lang=3DEN-GB =
style=3D'font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";letter-spacing:.05pt'><o:p></=
o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
lang=3DEN-GB><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
lang=3DEN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
lang=3DEN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=3DMsoNormal =
style=3D'margin-bottom:12.0pt'><span lang=3DEN-US =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><table =
class=3DMsoNormalTable border=3D0 cellspacing=3D3 cellpadding=3D0 =
style=3D'background:white'><tr><td style=3D'padding:.75pt .75pt .75pt =
.75pt'></td></tr></table><p class=3DMsoNormal><span =
style=3D'font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New =
Roman","serif"'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></body></html>
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