Energy needs worldwide are
expected to increase for the foreseeable future, but fuel supplies are
limited. Nuclear reactors could supply much of the energy demand in a
safe, sustainable manner were it not for fear of potential releases of
radioactivity. Such releases would likely deliver a low dose or dose rate
of radiation, within the range of naturally occurring radiation, to which
life is already accustomed. The key areas of concern are discussed.
Studies of actual health effects, especially thyroid cancers, following
exposures are assessed. Radiation hormesis is explained, pointing out that
beneficial effects are expected following a low dose or dose rate because
protective responses against stresses are stimulated. The notions that no
amount of radiation is small enough to be harmless and that a nuclear
accident could kill hundreds of thousands are challenged in light of
experience: more than a century with radiation and six decades with
reactors. If nuclear energy is to play a significant role in meeting
future needs, regulatory authorities must examine the scientific evidence
and communicate the real health effects of nuclear radiation. Negative
images and implications of health risks derived by unscientific
extrapolations of harmful effects of high doses must be dispelled.
Keywords: sustainable nuclear energy, radiation health effects,
radiation hormesis, social acceptance, regulatory
implications